Medial Patellar Luxation in Dogs
Signalment
Medial Patellar Luxation (MPL) is a common orthopaedic condition in dogs, especially in small and toy breeds. Breeds commonly affected include Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Miniature Poodles, and Boston Terriers. It can also be seen in larger breeds such as Labrador Retrievers and Akitas. MPL is often diagnosed in young dogs (under 1 year of age) but can also present later in life.
Medial patellar luxation is typically diagnosed during a physical examination. Your vet will gently manipulate the kneecap (patella) to assess if it moves out of place, especially when the knee is flexed. Signs such as intermittent lameness, skipping gait, or a ‘popping’ sensation in the stifle may raise suspicion. In more advanced cases, radiographs may be used to assess joint alignment and rule out other orthopedic issues.
Grades of Patellar Luxation
Grade I
Patella can be manually luxated but returns to its normal position when released.
Grade II
Patella luxates with flexion and remains luxated until manually replaced.
Grade III
Patella is luxated most of the time but can be manually replaced.
Grade IV
Patella is permanently luxated and cannot be manually repositioned.
When is Surgery Recommended?
Surgery is generally recommended for dogs with Grade II (if symptomatic), Grade III, and Grade IV MPL. It is also considered in dogs with intermittent lameness or pain, or when there is progression of osteoarthritis or skeletal deformity.
Surgical Technique
Surgical correction typically involves one or more of the following procedures:
- Trochleoplasty: Deepening the groove of the femur to hold the patella in place.
- Tibial tuberosity transposition: Repositioning the insertion point of the patellar tendon.
- Soft tissue reconstruction: Tightening or releasing tissues to stabilise the patella.
Surgical approach depends on the severity and anatomical abnormalities of each case.
Recovery Period
Postoperative recovery typically lasts for approximately 6 weeks. Restricted activity is essential, and physical therapy may be recommended. Most dogs show significant improvement in function and quality of life after surgery.
Consequences of Not Treating or Delaying Surgery
Delaying or avoiding surgery for MPL can result in worsening of the condition, development of osteoarthritis, and increased risk of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture due to chronic instability and altered limb biomechanics. Progressive joint damage can lead to pain and reduced mobility.
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